neurosciencestuff:

Facial expressions play a powerful role in social interactions from birth to adulthood. Fear, joy, anger — all our emotions are articulated and understood thanks to universal codes. Common sense sees this enterprise as an act of imitation: children imitate their parents by reproducing the facial expression linked to each emotion. But if this is the case, does the same hold true for people who were born blind? Do they show their emotions in the same way? The UNIGE researchers analyzed 21 scientific studies conducted between 1932 and 2015 to find the answer, and you can read a summary of their results in the journal Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.

The debate about how human beings
express their emotions has been with us since Darwin’s time. In short,
are expressions of fear, joy and anger innate or acquired? Are they
modelled and reinforced through the various observations and visual
exchanges occurring in our social life? There is one particular study
group that can shed light on the argument: people who have been blind
since birth. If they produce facial expressions similar to those of
sighted people without the help of visual experience, it might be an
important piece of evidence to show that this behaviour is at least in
part innate.

Refined methodology

The team led by professor Edouard
Gentaz from the faculty of psychology and educational sciences (FAPSE)
at UNIGE analysed 21 scientific studies that focused on the expression
of emotions in people who were born blind. Professor Gentaz discovered
that from the 1930s to the 1980s, scientists mainly observed blind
babies, finding that their expressions were similar to those of sighted
babies, thereby supporting the thesis that there is an innate and
universal emotional character. But this method was still dependent on
the subjective view of the researchers. From the 1980s, the possibility
of analysing the muscles used to express individual emotions in more
detail (known as the FACS method) backed up the earlier results: when a
blind person spontaneously expresses an emotion, such as surprise, he or
she uses the same muscles — in other words, his or her reaction is
similar to that of a person who can see. However, when researchers asked
someone who was blind to express emotions on demand, they found
differences from the expressive norms they expected. And the same
results were seen in the decade from 2000. Scientists analysed the 2004
Paralympic Games: blind and sighted athletes articulated their happiness
and disappointment in similar ways, including the forced smiles of
competitors who finished second, so close to their goal.

The importance of making faces in front of the mirror

“The fact that the same muscles are
at work when spontaneously expressing emotions may be evidence that it
is innate and universal, and not just dependent on social learning by
imitation”, explains professor Gentaz. “On the other hand, the fact that
blind people can’t voluntarily reproduce these emotions shows the
importance of social conventions in learning about the intensity of
expressing emotions”, adds Gentaz. Sighted children have multiple
opportunities to train themselves to express their emotions, for
instance in front of a mirror. They learn to modulate their expressions
according to the results they seek. It follows that sighted people
develop a structure for expressing their emotions that the blind,
deprived of these training opportunities, cannot easily acquire, whence
their difficulties in correctly proportioning on demand the intensity of
an emotion.

The role of the other senses in expressing emotions

The importance of being able to see
appears self-evident not just for expressing emotions but also for the
perception of the expression of an emotion. Yet, a blind person does not
have this sense for understanding and interpreting the emotions of a
third party. So, what role do other senses — touch and hearing, for
example — play? Dannyelle Valente, a researcher at FAPSE, says: “We are
working on how to replace sight with other means of communicating
emotional states, in particular by using the other senses”. This entails
making sure that blind people have access to emotional codes in the
form of models or drawings they can touch. In fact, being able to touch
their own face is a tremendous advantage for the learning process. Blind
people can enhance their own perceptions as well as learn how to manage
the intensity of the expression of their emotions.